TSMC
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
Market Share
~60% advanced nodes (≤7nm)
Key Product
CoWoS advanced packaging, N3/N2 logic
Bottleneck Status
CoWoS sold out → 2026
Full briefing▼ Expand
TSMC manufactures more than 90% of the world's most advanced chips (7nm and below), making it arguably the single most critical company in the global technology supply chain. Every major AI accelerator — NVIDIA's H100/H200/B200, AMD's MI300X, Google's TPU — is fabricated at TSMC. The company's CoWoS advanced packaging, which integrates HBM memory with GPU dies, has become a chokepoint in its own right: CoWoS capacity has been sold out through 2026, with NVIDIA holding approximately 60% of available allocation. TSMC's geographic concentration in Taiwan creates significant geopolitical risk; the company is actively building fabs in Arizona, Japan (Kumamoto), and Germany to diversify. Its N3 and upcoming N2 nodes define the frontier of what is physically possible in silicon.
Connected companies
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Critical path — raw silicon to deployment
The tightest single-source dependencies, in order.
RAW MATERIALS
Germanium (CN)
Germanium metal and GeO₂ for SiGe epitaxy
RAW MATERIALS
Tungsten (CN)
Ammonium paratungstate (APT) and tungsten powder
RAW MATERIALS
Graphite (CN)
High-purity graphite crucibles and isostatic graphite blocks
FOUNDRIES
TSMC
CoWoS advanced packaging, N3/N2 logic
OSAT / PACKAGING
ASE Technology
Flip-chip BGA, wire-bond, SiP, fan-out packaging
AI CONSUMERS
Meta
MTIA v2 AI accelerator, H100/H200 GPU clusters (Llama models)
Export controls touching TSMC
China Gallium & Germanium Export Controls (Aug 2023)
China's Ministry of Commerce and Customs implemented export licensing requirements for gallium and germanium products, effective August 1, 2023. The controls cover 8 gallium-related items (including gallium metal, gallium nitride, and gallium arsenide) and 6 germanium-related items (including germanium metal, germanium dioxide, and germanium epitaxial growth wafers). Exporters must apply to the Ministry of Commerce for licenses, which are reviewed for national security and non-proliferation considerations. China produces approximately 80% of the world's gallium and 60% of its germanium, making these controls a direct leverage point over semiconductor and compound-semiconductor supply chains globally.
▲ 13 companies affected
QWho supplies TSMC?
TSMC relies on 18 upstream suppliers across the AI chip supply chain.
ASML (Sole maker of EUV lithography machines), Tokyo Electron (Leading maker of etch and deposition equipment), Applied Materials (Largest semiconductor equipment maker by revenue), KLA (Dominant maker of wafer inspection and metrology tools), Lam Research (Leading supplier of etch and deposition equipment), and 13 more.
QWhat does TSMC make?
World's largest contract chip manufacturer
Key products CoWoS advanced packaging, N3/N2 logic
▲CoWoS sold out → 2026