Export-Control Impact Simulator
U.S.–Netherlands–Japan Trilateral Chip Equipment Alignment (Jan 2023)
Following extensive diplomatic negotiations, the United States, the Netherlands, and Japan reached an informal multilateral agreement — announced on or around January 27, 2023 — to align their semiconductor equipment export control frameworks. The Netherlands subsequently imposed DUV licensing requirements on ASML (effective September 2023), and Japan expanded its controls to 23 categories of advanced fab equipment (effective July 2023). The trilateral alignment effectively closed the most significant loopholes in restricting China's access to the equipment needed for leading-edge chip production, since restrictions by any single ally could previously be circumvented through the others.
Current Status
Active. The trilateral alignment remains the coordinating framework underpinning allied semiconductor equipment export controls. Both the Netherlands and Japan have since expanded their national controls substantially beyond the original January 2023 scope, adding EDA software, advanced packaging tools, and quantum computing equipment. As of mid-2026, the three countries continue to coordinate on further restrictions, though the Netherlands has pushed back against some U.S.-proposed extensions targeting ASML maintenance and software services.
6
Companies cut off
6
Tiers in cascade
12
Companies in cascade
Company cascade
Who loses access when this control fires — directly and downstream.
| Status | Company | Layer | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| CUT OFF | Cambricon🇨🇳 China | CHIP DESIGNERS | China's publicly listed AI chip designer (STAR Market); MLU-… |
| CUT OFF | CXMT🇨🇳 China | MEMORY (HBM) | China's leading DRAM maker, targeting DDR4/DDR5 at mature no… |
| CUT OFF | Huawei / HiSilicon🇨🇳 China | CHIP DESIGNERS | China's leading chip designer (Kirin mobile, Ascend AI); on … |
| CUT OFF | Huawei Cloud🇨🇳 China | CLOUD PROVIDERS | China's third-largest cloud provider; runs Huawei Ascend 910… |
| CUT OFF | SMIC🇨🇳 China | FOUNDRIES | China's largest foundry; capped at 14nm without EUV access; … |
| CUT OFF | YMTC🇨🇳 China | MEMORY (HBM) | China's largest 3D NAND maker; Entity Listed Dec 2022, prima… |
| DEGRADED | Alibaba Cloud🇨🇳 China | CLOUD PROVIDERS | China's #1 cloud provider; deploys Alibaba Hanguang 800 AI c… |
| DEGRADED | Baidu🇨🇳 China | CLOUD PROVIDERS | China's leading AI pioneer; designs Kunlun AI chips (Samsung… |
| DEGRADED | Biren Technology🇨🇳 China | CHIP DESIGNERS | China's leading GPU startup; BR100 was TSMC-fabbed at 7nm bu… |
| DEGRADED | ByteDance🇨🇳 China | CLOUD PROVIDERS | TikTok/Douyin parent; one of the world's largest AI compute … |
| DEGRADED | DeepSeek🇨🇳 China | AI CONSUMERS | Chinese AI lab backed by High-Flyer quant fund; developed De… |
| DEGRADED | Tencent Cloud🇨🇳 China | CLOUD PROVIDERS | China's #2 cloud provider; major AI GPU buyer pivoting to H2… |
CUT OFFCambricon · 🇨🇳 China
CHIP DESIGNERSCUT OFFCXMT · 🇨🇳 China
MEMORY (HBM)CHIP DESIGNERS
CUT OFFHuawei Cloud · 🇨🇳 China
CLOUD PROVIDERSCUT OFFSMIC · 🇨🇳 China
FOUNDRIESCUT OFFYMTC · 🇨🇳 China
MEMORY (HBM)DEGRADEDAlibaba Cloud · 🇨🇳 China
CLOUD PROVIDERSDEGRADEDBaidu · 🇨🇳 China
CLOUD PROVIDERSDEGRADEDBiren Technology · 🇨🇳 China
CHIP DESIGNERSDEGRADEDByteDance · 🇨🇳 China
CLOUD PROVIDERSDEGRADEDDeepSeek · 🇨🇳 China
AI CONSUMERSDEGRADEDTencent Cloud · 🇨🇳 China
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ 6767 unaffected companies (shown for context)▾
| Status | Company | Layer | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| ✓ Unaffected | AMD🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | AI GPU designer challenging NVIDIA with MI300X |
| ✓ Unaffected | Amkor Technology🇺🇸 United States | OSAT / PACKAGING | Second-largest OSAT; packages dies for NVIDIA, Qualcomm, App… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Anthropic🇺🇸 United States | AI CONSUMERS | AI safety company; creator of Claude LLM; primary cloud is A… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Apple🇺🇸 United States | EDGE DEVICES | Designs Apple Silicon (M-series, A-series) — TSMC's single l… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Applied Materials🇺🇸 United States | EQUIPMENT | Largest semiconductor equipment maker by revenue |
| ✓ Unaffected | Arista Networks🇺🇸 United States | NETWORKING | #1 cloud-scale Ethernet switch vendor; powers AI training cl… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Arm Holdings🇬🇧 United Kingdom | CHIP IP | Dominant CPU/NPU IP licensor; virtually all AI chips in mobi… |
| ✓ Unaffected | ASE Technology🇹🇼 Taiwan | OSAT / PACKAGING | World's largest OSAT; packages AI chip dies from TSMC and Sa… |
| ✓ Unaffected | ASML🇳🇱 Netherlands | EQUIPMENT | Sole maker of EUV lithography machines |
| ✓ Unaffected | AWS🇺🇸 United States | CLOUD PROVIDERS | World's largest cloud provider and AI infrastructure buyer |
| ✓ Unaffected | Broadcom🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | Custom ASIC and networking chip designer for hyperscalers |
| ✓ Unaffected | Cadence🇺🇸 United States | EDA TOOLS | Leading EDA software provider; IC design tools (Virtuoso, Ge… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Cerebras Systems🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | AI chip startup designing the WSE-3 (world's largest chip at… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Cisco Systems🇺🇸 United States | NETWORKING | #2 data center networking vendor; Nexus 9000 series and prop… |
| ✓ Unaffected | CoreWeave🇺🇸 United States | CLOUD PROVIDERS | GPU-native cloud provider; operates one of the world's large… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Dell Technologies🇺🇸 United States | ENTERPRISE | Major AI server vendor (PowerEdge XE9680); routes NVIDIA, AM… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Entegris🇺🇸 United States | MATERIALS | Critical process materials supplier: CMP slurries, ultra-hig… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Foxconn Industrial Internet (FII)🇹🇼 Taiwan | SERVER ODMs | Foxconn's AI server ODM division; assembles GPU clusters for… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Gallium (CN)🇨🇳 China | RAW MATERIALS | Dominant gallium producer for compound semiconductors and RF… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Germanium (CN)🇨🇳 China | RAW MATERIALS | Dominant germanium producer for SiGe transistors and fiber-o… |
| ✓ Unaffected | GlobalFoundries🇺🇸 United States | FOUNDRIES | US-headquartered mature-node foundry (14nm/22FDX) specializi… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Google Cloud🇺🇸 United States | CLOUD PROVIDERS | Hyperscaler deploying custom TPU AI accelerators (v5e via Br… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Groq🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | AI inference chip company designing LPUs (Language Processin… |
| ✓ Unaffected | High-Purity Quartz (US)🇺🇸 United States | RAW MATERIALS | Unique ultra-pure quartz deposits for fused-silica optics an… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Ibiden🇯🇵 Japan | MATERIALS | Dominant supplier of IC substrates for advanced packages |
| ✓ Unaffected | Intel🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | Designs Gaudi 3 AI accelerators and Xeon AI CPUs; TSMC-fabbe… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Intel Foundry🇺🇸 United States | FOUNDRIES | US-based foundry ramping Intel 18A and 3nm nodes |
| ✓ Unaffected | JSR Corporation🇯🇵 Japan | MATERIALS | Major EUV and ArF immersion photoresist supplier; taken priv… |
| ✓ Unaffected | KLA🇺🇸 United States | EQUIPMENT | Dominant maker of wafer inspection and metrology tools |
| ✓ Unaffected | Kokusai Electric🇯🇵 Japan | EQUIPMENT | Critical supplier of batch ALD and CVD furnace systems essen… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Lam Research🇺🇸 United States | EQUIPMENT | Leading supplier of etch and deposition equipment |
| ✓ Unaffected | Marvell🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | Custom AI ASIC and networking chip designer for hyperscalers… |
| ✓ Unaffected | MediaTek🇹🇼 Taiwan | CHIP DESIGNERS | World's #1 mobile SoC designer by volume; Dimensity AI chips… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Meta🇺🇸 United States | AI CONSUMERS | One of the world's largest GPU buyers; designing MTIA v2 cus… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Micron🇺🇸 United States | MEMORY (HBM) | Only US-based DRAM and HBM maker |
| ✓ Unaffected | Microsoft Azure🇺🇸 United States | CLOUD PROVIDERS | Second-largest cloud; OpenAI exclusive compute partner; depl… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Mistral AI🇫🇷 France | AI CONSUMERS | Leading European frontier AI lab; develops Mistral/Mixtral o… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Neon Gas (High-Purity)🇺🇦 Ukraine | RAW MATERIALS | High-purity neon for excimer laser gas mixtures in DUV litho… |
| ✓ Unaffected | NTT🇯🇵 Japan | CLOUD PROVIDERS | Japan's largest telco building domestic AI infrastructure |
| ✓ Unaffected | NVIDIA🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | Dominant AI GPU designer (H100, H200, B200) |
| ✓ Unaffected | OpenAI🇺🇸 United States | AI CONSUMERS | Creator of GPT-4 and ChatGPT; exclusive compute partner with… |
| ✓ Unaffected | OPPO🇨🇳 China | EDGE DEVICES | China's #2 smartphone maker (OPPO/OnePlus/Realme brands); ma… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Oracle Cloud🇺🇸 United States | CLOUD PROVIDERS | Deployed the world's largest single NVIDIA GPU cluster (131,… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Qualcomm🇺🇸 United States | CHIP DESIGNERS | Leading mobile SoC and edge AI chip designer (Snapdragon X E… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Quanta Computer🇹🇼 Taiwan | SERVER ODMs | World's largest ODM by revenue; primary AI server manufactur… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Rapidus🇯🇵 Japan | FOUNDRIES | Japan's government-backed foundry targeting 2nm by 2027 |
| ✓ Unaffected | Rare Earths (CN)🇨🇳 China | RAW MATERIALS | Dominant refined rare-earth supplier (Nd, Dy for precision e… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Samsung Foundry🇰🇷 South Korea | FOUNDRIES | Second-largest advanced foundry, competing at 3nm |
| ✓ Unaffected | Samsung Memory🇰🇷 South Korea | MEMORY (HBM) | World's largest DRAM and NAND supplier, ramping HBM3 |
| ✓ Unaffected | Samsung Mobile🇰🇷 South Korea | EDGE DEVICES | World's largest smartphone maker; uses both Qualcomm Snapdra… |
| ✓ Unaffected | SCREEN Holdings🇯🇵 Japan | EQUIPMENT | Leading wafer cleaning and surface treatment equipment maker… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Shin-Etsu Chemical🇯🇵 Japan | MATERIALS | World's largest silicon wafer supplier |
| ✓ Unaffected | Shinko Electric🇯🇵 Japan | MATERIALS | Major IC substrate and lead frame supplier |
| ✓ Unaffected | SK Hynix🇰🇷 South Korea | MEMORY (HBM) | Leading HBM3/HBM3E supplier for AI accelerators |
| ✓ Unaffected | SoftBank🇯🇵 Japan | CLOUD PROVIDERS | Japan's largest AI infrastructure investor and GPU buyer |
| ✓ Unaffected | SUMCO🇯🇵 Japan | MATERIALS | #2 global silicon wafer supplier; duopoly with Shin-Etsu con… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Sumitomo Chemical🇯🇵 Japan | MATERIALS | Key supplier of EUV photoresist and compound semiconductors |
| ✓ Unaffected | Super Micro🇺🇸 United States | SERVER ODMs | Leading GPU server ODM for AI data centers |
| ✓ Unaffected | Synopsys🇺🇸 United States | EDA TOOLS | Largest EDA software provider; IC design and verification to… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Tokyo Electron🇯🇵 Japan | EQUIPMENT | Leading maker of etch and deposition equipment |
| ✓ Unaffected | TSMC🇹🇼 Taiwan | FOUNDRIES | World's largest contract chip manufacturer |
| ✓ Unaffected | Tungsten (CN)🇨🇳 China | RAW MATERIALS | Dominant tungsten producer for chip metallization contacts a… |
| ✓ Unaffected | UMC🇹🇼 Taiwan | FOUNDRIES | Taiwan-based mature-node foundry (28nm–40nm) with ~6% global… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Vertiv🇺🇸 United States | POWER & COOLING | Critical power and thermal management for AI data centers |
| ✓ Unaffected | Wiwynn🇹🇼 Taiwan | SERVER ODMs | Major ODM server manufacturer for hyperscalers |
| ✓ Unaffected | xAI🇺🇸 United States | AI CONSUMERS | Elon Musk's AI company; built Colossus — world's largest GPU… |
| ✓ Unaffected | Xiaomi🇨🇳 China | EDGE DEVICES | China's #1 smartphone maker by volume; primary MediaTek Dime… |
✓ UnaffectedAMD · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedAmkor Technology · 🇺🇸 United States
OSAT / PACKAGING✓ UnaffectedAnthropic · 🇺🇸 United States
AI CONSUMERS✓ UnaffectedApple · 🇺🇸 United States
EDGE DEVICES✓ UnaffectedApplied Materials · 🇺🇸 United States
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedArista Networks · 🇺🇸 United States
NETWORKING✓ UnaffectedArm Holdings · 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
CHIP IP✓ UnaffectedASE Technology · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
OSAT / PACKAGING✓ UnaffectedASML · 🇳🇱 Netherlands
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedAWS · 🇺🇸 United States
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedBroadcom · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedCadence · 🇺🇸 United States
EDA TOOLS✓ UnaffectedCerebras Systems · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedCisco Systems · 🇺🇸 United States
NETWORKING✓ UnaffectedCoreWeave · 🇺🇸 United States
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedDell Technologies · 🇺🇸 United States
ENTERPRISE✓ UnaffectedEntegris · 🇺🇸 United States
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedFoxconn Industrial Internet (FII) · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
SERVER ODMs✓ UnaffectedGallium (CN) · 🇨🇳 China
RAW MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedGermanium (CN) · 🇨🇳 China
RAW MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedGlobalFoundries · 🇺🇸 United States
FOUNDRIES✓ UnaffectedGoogle Cloud · 🇺🇸 United States
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedGroq · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedHigh-Purity Quartz (US) · 🇺🇸 United States
RAW MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedIbiden · 🇯🇵 Japan
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedIntel · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedIntel Foundry · 🇺🇸 United States
FOUNDRIES✓ UnaffectedJSR Corporation · 🇯🇵 Japan
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedKLA · 🇺🇸 United States
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedKokusai Electric · 🇯🇵 Japan
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedLam Research · 🇺🇸 United States
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedMarvell · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedMediaTek · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedMeta · 🇺🇸 United States
AI CONSUMERS✓ UnaffectedMicron · 🇺🇸 United States
MEMORY (HBM)✓ UnaffectedMicrosoft Azure · 🇺🇸 United States
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedMistral AI · 🇫🇷 France
AI CONSUMERS✓ UnaffectedNeon Gas (High-Purity) · 🇺🇦 Ukraine
RAW MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedNTT · 🇯🇵 Japan
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedNVIDIA · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedOpenAI · 🇺🇸 United States
AI CONSUMERS✓ UnaffectedOPPO · 🇨🇳 China
EDGE DEVICES✓ UnaffectedOracle Cloud · 🇺🇸 United States
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedQualcomm · 🇺🇸 United States
CHIP DESIGNERS✓ UnaffectedQuanta Computer · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
SERVER ODMs✓ UnaffectedRapidus · 🇯🇵 Japan
FOUNDRIES✓ UnaffectedRare Earths (CN) · 🇨🇳 China
RAW MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedSamsung Foundry · 🇰🇷 South Korea
FOUNDRIES✓ UnaffectedSamsung Memory · 🇰🇷 South Korea
MEMORY (HBM)✓ UnaffectedSamsung Mobile · 🇰🇷 South Korea
EDGE DEVICES✓ UnaffectedSCREEN Holdings · 🇯🇵 Japan
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedShin-Etsu Chemical · 🇯🇵 Japan
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedShinko Electric · 🇯🇵 Japan
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedSK Hynix · 🇰🇷 South Korea
MEMORY (HBM)✓ UnaffectedSoftBank · 🇯🇵 Japan
CLOUD PROVIDERS✓ UnaffectedSUMCO · 🇯🇵 Japan
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedSumitomo Chemical · 🇯🇵 Japan
MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedSuper Micro · 🇺🇸 United States
SERVER ODMs✓ UnaffectedSynopsys · 🇺🇸 United States
EDA TOOLS✓ UnaffectedTokyo Electron · 🇯🇵 Japan
EQUIPMENT✓ UnaffectedTSMC · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
FOUNDRIES✓ UnaffectedTungsten (CN) · 🇨🇳 China
RAW MATERIALS✓ UnaffectedUMC · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
FOUNDRIES✓ UnaffectedVertiv · 🇺🇸 United States
POWER & COOLING✓ UnaffectedWiwynn · 🇹🇼 Taiwan
SERVER ODMs✓ UnaffectedxAI · 🇺🇸 United States
AI CONSUMERS✓ UnaffectedXiaomi · 🇨🇳 China
EDGE DEVICESCascade timeline
How the restriction propagates tier by tier.
- 1
Rule applied
- Restricting country: 🇺🇸 United States, 🇳🇱 Netherlands, 🇯🇵 Japan
- ✂ ASML → SMIC
- ✂ ASML → YMTC
- ✂ ASML → CXMT
- ✂ Applied Materials → SMIC
- ✂ Tokyo Electron → SMIC
- ✂ Lam Research → SMIC
- ✂ SCREEN Holdings → YMTC
- ✂ Kokusai Electric → YMTC
- ✂ Kokusai Electric → CXMT
- ✂ Lam Research → YMTC
- ✂ Applied Materials → YMTC
- ✂ Tokyo Electron → YMTC
- ✂ Lam Research → CXMT
- ✂ Applied Materials → CXMT
- ✂ Tokyo Electron → CXMT
- ✂ KLA → YMTC
- ✂ KLA → CXMT
- ✂ KLA → SMIC
- 2
Round 1
- SMIC
- YMTC
- CXMT
- 3
Round 2
- Huawei / HiSilicon
- Cambricon
- Biren Technology
- Alibaba Cloud
- Tencent Cloud
- Baidu
- ByteDance
- Huawei Cloud
- 4
Round 3
- Huawei Cloud
- Alibaba Cloud
- ByteDance
- Baidu
- Tencent Cloud
- 5
Round 4
- DeepSeek
Geographic flow
Explore free-form
Build your own scenario. Both axes are multi-select — add as many countries as you like.
Restricting country
🇺🇸 United States🇳🇱 Netherlands🇯🇵 Japan
Target country
🇨🇳 China
Both Restricting and Target are multi-select chips, not single dropdowns — stack several restrictors against several targets at once.
How do GPU distributors manage export control compliance?
Distributors and hardware vendors must classify each shipment under ECCN, screen denied parties against the BIS Entity List, and maintain audit trails. Modern export compliance software automates these tasks — replacing spreadsheets and government portals.
Explore export compliance tools →